Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterised by a persistent set of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits (diarrhoea, constipation, or both), bloating, and flatulence. Although it does not pose a serious threat to health, IBS can significantly impact the quality of life of those affected.
It is estimated that this syndrome affects between 10% and 20% of the population in developed countries, being twice as common in women as in men. It usually manifests before the age of 45 and can be triggered or worsened by factors such as diet, stress, and emotional changes.
Causes and Symptoms
The exact cause of IBS is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from an interaction of physiological, psychological, and environmental factors. Stress plays a crucial role and can exacerbate symptoms. Additionally, certain foods, such as those high in fat, caffeine, alcohol, and carbohydrates, may contribute to flare-ups.
The symptoms of this syndrome vary from person to person and can fluctuate over time. The most common include abdominal pain or discomfort, which usually improves after bowel movements or passing gas, changes in bowel habits—manifesting as diarrhoea, constipation, or both—bloating, and excessive flatulence. Other characteristic signs include the sensation of incomplete evacuation and the presence of mucus in the stool.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of IBS is based on the analysis of symptoms and the exclusion of other conditions. IBS is considered when a patient experiences recurrent abdominal pain for at least six months, associated with at least two of the following factors: pain relief after defecation, changes in bowel movement frequency, or alterations in stool consistency.
In some cases, additional tests such as blood tests, stool analysis, and endoscopic examinations may be necessary, particularly to rule out other diseases.
Treatment Options
Currently, there is no cure for IBS, but symptoms can be managed through lifestyle and dietary changes and, when necessary, medication.
Diet plays a fundamental role in symptom control. Patients should avoid high-fat foods, caffeinated drinks, alcohol, artificial sweeteners, and dairy products (if lactose intolerance is present). Conversely, they should prioritise easily digestible carbohydrates such as rice, pasta, and potatoes, as well as lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables.
Fibre intake should be adjusted according to the predominant symptoms. For patients with constipation, a gradual increase in soluble fibre intake, such as oats and chia seeds, is recommended, along with adequate hydration. For those experiencing diarrhoea, excessive fibre consumption may worsen symptoms and should be moderated.
When dietary changes alone are insufficient to control symptoms, medication may be used. Mild laxatives are recommended for constipation, while loperamide, an antidiarrhoeal, may be prescribed for diarrhoea. Antispasmodic medications can help reduce intestinal cramps, and in some cases, low-dose antidepressants may assist in modulating abdominal pain.
Probiotics may also be beneficial, as they contribute to the balance of gut microbiota and can help alleviate symptoms such as bloating and flatulence.
Prevention
Although there is no cure for IBS, it is possible to reduce the frequency and intensity of episodes by adopting certain preventive strategies. A balanced diet tailored to individual needs, good hydration, regular physical exercise, and effective stress management are essential.
Avoiding certain foods and smoking can also help keep symptoms under control. Medical follow-up is crucial for better disease management.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a chronic condition that, despite not being life-threatening, can significantly affect the well-being of those who suffer from it.
Gastroenterology
